Convert raw data into 8, 16, or 32-bit signed or unsigned integer values, conform Amiga specifications.
Arguments
- x
A vector of class
rawto be converted into acharacter.- bits
Number of bits that represents the integer value. Should be 8 or a positive multitude of 8.
- signed
A
logicalvalue indicating whether the integer should be signed (TRUE, default) or not (FALSE).
Value
A numeric value (or a vector of values),
representing the integer data represented by the provided
raw data. Note that R defines integer as 32-bit
signed integers and cannot store the 32-bit signed values.
Therefore a numeric value is returned rather than an
explicit integer.
Details
The Commodore Amiga has specified the following data formats to represent integer data: BYTE (signed 8-bit integer), UBYTE (unsigned 8-bit integer), WORD (signed 16-bit integer), UWORD (unsigned 16-bit integer), LONG (signed 32-bit integer), ULONG, (unsigned 32-bit integer). This function converts raw data into such integers. Note that WORD and UWORD are also referred to as SHORT and USHORT respectively.
See also
Other raw.operations:
amigaDateToRaw(),
amigaIntToRaw(),
displayRawData(),
rawToAmigaDate(),
rawToBitmap()
Examples
## Let's start by obtaining unsigned 8-bit integers:
rawToAmigaInt(as.raw(0:255))
#> [1] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
#> [19] 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
#> [37] 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53
#> [55] 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
#> [73] 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
#> [91] 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
#> [109] 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125
#> [127] 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143
#> [145] 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161
#> [163] 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179
#> [181] 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197
#> [199] 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215
#> [217] 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233
#> [235] 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251
#> [253] 252 253 254 255
## note that this is the same as:
as.numeric(as.raw(0:255))
#> [1] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
#> [19] 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
#> [37] 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53
#> [55] 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
#> [73] 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
#> [91] 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
#> [109] 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125
#> [127] 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143
#> [145] 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161
#> [163] 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179
#> [181] 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197
#> [199] 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215
#> [217] 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233
#> [235] 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251
#> [253] 252 253 254 255
## but with this function we can also get signed values:
rawToAmigaInt(as.raw(0:255), signed = TRUE)
#> [1] 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
#> [16] 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
#> [31] 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
#> [46] 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
#> [61] 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74
#> [76] 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
#> [91] 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104
#> [106] 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119
#> [121] 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 -128 -127 -126 -125 -124 -123 -122
#> [136] -121 -120 -119 -118 -117 -116 -115 -114 -113 -112 -111 -110 -109 -108 -107
#> [151] -106 -105 -104 -103 -102 -101 -100 -99 -98 -97 -96 -95 -94 -93 -92
#> [166] -91 -90 -89 -88 -87 -86 -85 -84 -83 -82 -81 -80 -79 -78 -77
#> [181] -76 -75 -74 -73 -72 -71 -70 -69 -68 -67 -66 -65 -64 -63 -62
#> [196] -61 -60 -59 -58 -57 -56 -55 -54 -53 -52 -51 -50 -49 -48 -47
#> [211] -46 -45 -44 -43 -42 -41 -40 -39 -38 -37 -36 -35 -34 -33 -32
#> [226] -31 -30 -29 -28 -27 -26 -25 -24 -23 -22 -21 -20 -19 -18 -17
#> [241] -16 -15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2
#> [256] -1
## Furthermore 32 or 16-bit integers can also be obtained.
## Let's look at 16-bit integers:
rawToAmigaInt(as.raw(0:255), 16)
#> [1] 1 515 1029 1543 2057 2571 3085 3599 4113 4627 5141 5655
#> [13] 6169 6683 7197 7711 8225 8739 9253 9767 10281 10795 11309 11823
#> [25] 12337 12851 13365 13879 14393 14907 15421 15935 16449 16963 17477 17991
#> [37] 18505 19019 19533 20047 20561 21075 21589 22103 22617 23131 23645 24159
#> [49] 24673 25187 25701 26215 26729 27243 27757 28271 28785 29299 29813 30327
#> [61] 30841 31355 31869 32383 32897 33411 33925 34439 34953 35467 35981 36495
#> [73] 37009 37523 38037 38551 39065 39579 40093 40607 41121 41635 42149 42663
#> [85] 43177 43691 44205 44719 45233 45747 46261 46775 47289 47803 48317 48831
#> [97] 49345 49859 50373 50887 51401 51915 52429 52943 53457 53971 54485 54999
#> [109] 55513 56027 56541 57055 57569 58083 58597 59111 59625 60139 60653 61167
#> [121] 61681 62195 62709 63223 63737 64251 64765 65279
## Note that 16-bit integers require twice as many bytes
## as 8 bit integers:
length(rawToAmigaInt(as.raw(0:255), 16))
#> [1] 128
length(rawToAmigaInt(as.raw(0:255), 8))
#> [1] 256